高中英语语法详细讲解

高中英语语法详细讲解
高中英语语法详细讲解

高中英语语法详细讲解
一：非谓语：（1）形式有三种：动词不定式,动名词,分词.
动词不定式相当于名词,形容词,副词,可做主语,宾语,宾补,表语,定语,状语（即谓语以外的所有句子成分）；动名词相当于名词,可做主语,宾语,表语,定语；分词相当于形容词,副词,可做宾补,表语,定语,状语；
（2）语态：若逻辑主语是动作的发出者,则用主动；若逻辑主语是动作的承受者,则用被动；若逻辑主语既不是动作的发出者也不是承受者,则：动词不定式用独立结构
动名词用复合结构
分词用独立主格结构
举例：A）动词不定式作主语：To finish my homework is my job.
宾语：I want to have a wise brain.
宾补：I want you to attend the meeting.
表语：You job is to earn money.
定语：He is to go to college.
状语：I get up early in order to recite the poem.
独立结构：To tell you the turth,I am a student.
注意：1:有些宾语的不定式有自己的补语,则应用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语后置,如：I think it important to study English well.
2:不定式一般不做介词的宾语,除在极少数介词后才行（如but,except）,此时动词不定式可带to也可不带to,如：He seldom comes except (to)see my daughter.
B)动名词做主语：Reading is my habbit.
宾语：The old need looking after.
表语：I am reading.
定语：He was looking the hanging picture.
复合结构：Alan's illness accounts for his coming late for school.
注意：1：一些特殊句式,如It is no good(no use,fun,a wast of time)+doing
There is no.+doing
2:动名词复合结构的一般规则是：逻辑主语是有生命的名词,作主语时,须用名词的所有格形式或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时,可用普通格或人称代词宾格.
C）：分词作宾补：I mind your somking.
表语：The news is encouraging./The glass is broken.
定语：This is a reading room./The book written by him is interesting.
状语：Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful.
二：虚拟语气：
A):在条件从句中：
1):表示与事实相反 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
表示现在情况 if+主语+did should/would/could/might+do
表示过去情况 if+主语+had done should/would/could/might+have done
表示将来情况 if+主语+were to do should/would/could/might+do
if+主语+should do
if+主语+did
2):在省略if的条件从句中,从句有were,should,had时,可省略if,而把它们置于主语之前,如：
If I had had time, I would have made an appointment with you.变成Had I have time,I would have an appointment with you.
3):介词without引导的短语可用来代替if引导的虚拟条件从句,如:If there were no water,fish couldn't live.
可由Without water,fish couldn't live.来代替.
4）：错综时间的条件从句,主句和从句的谓语动词要依照设定的时间而定.如：If you had studied hard at that time,you would do it easily now.
B);在宾语从句中
1）：在一些表示“坚持,命令,要求,建议”的词（如insist,command,order,require,request,desire,demand,advise,suggest,propose)后面接的宾语从句用should do,should可省略.
2):wish引导的宾语从句有三种情况：
1,现在：用过去式；
2,过去：用过去完成时；
3,将来：用（would/could)+do.
3）：在would rather引导的宾语从句中
当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词用一般过去式；表示过去的时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时.
C）：在主语从句中
在句型“It is strange/necessary/natural/important/right/pity/sorry+that.”中,that后面从句的谓语动词用：should do.注意：有些过去分词可以当形容词使用,在主语从句中要用虚拟语气,如It is ordered/commanded/required/advised/suggested that we/you /he/ she(should）+do .
D)：在表语从句中
主句的主语常是表示说话人的命令,要求,建议,愿望等的名词（如order,command,requirement,demand,advise,suggestion,wish,desire),表语从句的谓语动词用（should)+do.如:Our suggestion is that you (should）be there on time.
E）：在同位语从句中
同位语从句的先行词常是说话人愿望,建议,要求,命令等的名词.如：We put up with our suggestion that you (should) be there on time.
F):在as if从句中
1）：在as if从句中,常用虚拟语气,即表示与现在事实相反,用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式.
2）：当不接虚拟语气时,表示可能或真实的情形.如：It looks as if it is going to rain.
3）：虚拟语气中的几个特例
1,if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊;真希望……；只要,只要……就好了,如:If only I could fly.
2,It's(high)time that……that从句要用虚拟语气：谓语动词用过去式或should do .如：It's high time that we should go.
3,一些短语,如：but for(要不是）,without,otherwise（否则）,in that case(如果那样的话）,表示含蓄的条件,这是主句要用虚拟语气.如：Without your help,I couldn't finish it on time.
三：倒装句
A):完全倒装：谓语的全部放在主句之前.（此结构常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时）
1)用在there be结构中,此外,在此结构中可用来代替be的动词有exist,seem,happen,appear,hve,rise,stand等.如：There are many students in my classroom.
2):表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如now,then,here,there,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首时,为使生动地描述情景而采用倒装语序,谓语动词常用动语come,go,be,lie,run,rush等.如：Now comes your turn.
注意：当代词作主语时,主谓语序不变.如:Here it is.
3):当句首为表示地点的介词词组时,也常引起全部倒装.如：From the valley came a frightening sound.
4):为平衡句子结构,或使上下文衔接紧密,表语置于句首时,倒装结构为：表语+连系动词+主语
1,“形容词+连系动词+主语”如:Present at the meeting were my sister.
2,“过去分词+连系动词+主语”如：Gone are the days when we were poor.
3,“介词短语+be+主语”如：Among the goods are flowers and toys.
B):部分倒装：只把系动词、助动词、情态动词放在主句之前.
1):在疑问句中,如：Can you speak English?
2):用于“never,hardly,seldom,scarely,rarely,barely,little,often,at no time(决不）,by no means(绝不）,under no circumstances(在任何一种情况下都不),in no case(绝不）,in no way(决不）”等含有豆丁意义的副词或连词在句首的句型中.如:Little did he care about his own safety.
3):用于“no sooner.than.,hardly.when.,和not until.,not only.but alsol.,neither.nor”的句型中,主句部分用部分倒装.如:Not until the children fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
4):"only+状语"置于句首是要进行部分倒装,状语包括副词,介词短语和状语从句.如：Only then did he realise the importance of English.
5):用于“so/such.that"句型,so/such置于句首时,要部分倒装.如：So fast did he run that I couldn't catch up with him.
6):用于“形容词（或名词,动词）+as (though)"引导的让步状语从句中.如：
Try as you would, you might fail again.
Beautiful as she is,she isn't clever.
Child as he is ,he knows a lot.
7）：用于省略if 的条件状语从句中,把助动词were,had,should提到主语前面.

语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
特点: 用句号结束一个句子
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they ...

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语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
特点: 用句号结束一个句子
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
疑问句就是问句
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
祈使句: 表示命令或者请求. 和有没有主语没有关系
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
还有一个结构是用 what. how 后面加上的是形容词副词.what后面加上的是名词.
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同.
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
有主句和从句构成,在一个句子前面加上连词(当然不是and,but,or了),这个句子就是从句了.
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：
e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
这是非常重要的,不需要理解,背下来吧
（三）并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
这里大家记住这些连词就够用了.如果一下子记不住这么多,就记一个两个,记住有的时候不要和自己较劲
（四）高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。
如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。
练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）.

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