英语翻译In light of the conflicting evidence on trends in commuting distances,and given the controversy that has erupted over jobs-housing balance as a policy tool,it is instructive to investigate trends in jobs-housing balance during the "turbul

英语翻译In light of the conflicting evidence on trends in commuting distances,and given the controversy that has erupted over jobs-housing balance as a policy tool,it is instructive to investigate trends in jobs-housing balance during the "turbul
英语翻译
In light of the conflicting evidence on trends in commuting distances,and given the controversy that has erupted over jobs-housing balance as a policy tool,it is instructive to investigate trends in jobs-housing balance during the "turbulent" 1980s,a decade of rapid employment decentralization,worsening traffic congestion,and deteriorating air quality in many regions.This article conducts such an analysis,using 1980 and 1990 data on jobs-to-residents ratios and levels of self-containment for the largest cities in the San Francisco Bay Area.Whether cities have naturally evolved into more balanced and self-contained places,and the implications for commuting,are examined.The research also explores whether there were patterns in the kinds of cities that became more balanced during the 1980s or less balanced-for example,bedroom communities or job-surplus communities.Additionally,the effects of jobs-housing imbalances on 1990 commuting patterns at both place of residence and place of work are investigated.The research builds upon previous work I conducted on jobs-housing balance in the Bay Area (Cervero 1986a,1989).Since the San Francisco region has not embarked on any significant regional programs to balance employment and residential development,it represents a context where market forces alone have largely shaped metropolitan growth.Thus,the analysis of trends in jobs-housing balance in the San Francisco region can provide insights into the degree to which the co-location hypothesis holds.The Bay Area is also a suitable case context because of the rapid rates of suburbanization there during the 1980s.The share of jobs outside of the central cities (San Francisco,Oakland,and San Jose) increased from 59.8 percent in 1980 to 64.7 percent in 1990.Suburban growth pressures during the eighties sparked interest in managing regional growth,partly in response to such parochial actions as the passage of growth moratoria and the practice of fiscal zoning by local jurisdictions (Fulton 1991).The Bay Vision 2020,a coalition of business and government interests,pushed in 1992 to form the nation's first regional government,in part to set targets for subregional jobs-housing balance; however,the California legislature blocked the initiative.Jobs-housing balance remains a passionately debated issue in the Bay Area and elsewhere in the state.
This macro-level study of jobs-housing balance in Bay Area cities is followed by a more micro-level analysis of the residential locations and commuting patterns of workers from Pleasanton,a fast-growing suburban community.Particular attention is given to changes in commuting distances and to the influences of housing prices on the residential locational choices of Pleasanton's work force.The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the research findings.

英语翻译In light of the conflicting evidence on trends in commuting distances,and given the controversy that has erupted over jobs-housing balance as a policy tool,it is instructive to investigate trends in jobs-housing balance during the "turbul
鉴于对在通勤距离趋势证据相互矛盾,光考虑到有过的工作,住房资产作为一种政策工具爆发争议,是有益的探讨,在“动荡”80人就业,住房平衡的趋势,十年快速就业权力下放,日益恶化的交通挤塞情况,并在许多地区日益恶化的空气质量.本文进行这样的分析,使用1980年和1990年就业数据到本地居民的比例和自我控制水平在旧金山海湾地区最大的城市.无论是城市的自然演变成更平衡和自给自足的地方,上下班的影响,进行检查.这项研究还探讨是否有在城市,成为更加平衡的模式,在20世纪80年代的种类大致平衡,例如,卧室社区或工作盈余社区.此外,于1990年的通勤模式的工作,住房失衡的影响在两个居住和工作地方进行调查.这项研究是建立在以前的工作,我对就业,住房在湾区（切尔韦罗1986a,1989）进行平衡.由于旧金山地区并没有任何重要的区域方案,以平衡就业和住宅开发开始,它代表了在市场力量本身在很大程度上塑造大都市增长的情况.因此,在就业,住房在旧金山地区的平衡发展趋势分析,可以提供到何种程度上的一地两检假设成立的见解.海湾地区也是因为在80年代的郊区化有合适的情况下迅速率方面.对工作以外的（旧金山,奥克兰和圣何塞）中心城市的份额从1980年的百分之59.8百分之64.7于1990年.八十年代期间引发了郊区经济增长的压力管理区域增长的兴趣,部分原因是这种狭隘的行动,因为经济增长的暂停通行及所（富尔顿1991）地方司法机构的财政分区中的实践.展望2020年的海湾,商业和政府的利益联盟,形成于1992年被推到全国的第一个区域政府,部分为次区域的工作,住房平衡的目标,但是,加州立法阻止了主动权.乔布斯住宅平衡仍然是一个在海湾地区和其他地区国家的热烈争论的问题.
这种工作安置在海湾地区在城市平衡宏观层次的学习之后是一个更微观层次上的分析,从住宅地点和普莱森顿,一个快速增长的郊区社区工作者通勤模式.特别注意在上下班的距离变化,并在普列的劳动力居住地点选择的住房价格的影响.本文总结了该研究结果的政策所涉问题的讨论