英语翻译Among the nonisotopic methods available today,EIA methods are the most widely applied.In “sandwich”-type assays EIAs have practically the same sensitivity as IRMA and RIA (6); even higher sensitivities have been reported when fluoresc

英语翻译Among the nonisotopic methods available today,EIA methods are the most widely applied.In “sandwich”-type assays EIAs have practically the same sensitivity as IRMA and RIA (6); even higher sensitivities have been reported when fluoresc
英语翻译
Among the nonisotopic methods available today,EIA methods are the most widely applied.In “sandwich”-type assays EIAs have practically the same sensitivity as IRMA and RIA (6); even higher sensitivities have been reported when fluorescent substrates are used to detect the end point of enzyme activity (7).The problems in EIA are caused by the bulky,labile label (enzyme),itssusceptibility to inhibition and denaturation,and the additional incubation with a substrate for monitoring the enzyme’s activity.The narrow dynamic range in photometric measurement,at most three
decades,also limits the dynamic range of EIA.
Fluoroimmunoassays (FIA,IFMA),based on labeling immunoreactants with fluorescent probes,are rapidly gaining wider applications.Although FIA as a quantitative assay is quite new,labeling antibodies with fluorescent probes has been used as a qualitative staining technique since 1941 (8).The high sensitivity of the fluorescence measurement combined with the sensitivity of the probe to changes in its environment offers possibilities for developing
heterogeneous assays and,above all,simple and rapid homogeneous assays-assays where the concentration of analyte can be monitored directly in the reaction mixture.The problem with FIA methods has been their inferior sensitivity,caused,to a great extent,by the high background of the fluorometric measurement.The development
of solid-phase separation systems,new fluorescent probes,and new instrumentations (e.g.,time-resolving measurement) has lowered the background such that sensitivity is now comparable with that of RIA/IRMA.
This review of immunofluorometric assays and fluoroimmunoassays is based on published methods.Since my previous review (5) progress in applications of FIA has been tremendous,and many commercial kits and instruments have entered the market.Reviews on the different fluorescence imnmunoassays (9-16) have also been published.
Principles of Immunoassays
Since the dsvelopment of RIAs for insulin (17) and thyroxin (18),methods involving radioisotopically labeled antigens have been widely applied in the measurement of haptenic molecules such as hormones and drugs.The methods are based on the competition between a labeled antigen and an unlabeled antigen for a limited amount of antibody.
These methods might also be described as “limited reagent” methods (19) because of the limited amount of antibody used
in the assay.
Although labeled antibodies have been used in immunofluorescence
methods since 1941 (8),they were not more widely applied in quantitative methods until the introduction of radioisotope-labeled antibodies in IRMA (20).IRMAs,as well as other solid-phase-based double-antibody or “sandwich” assays (ELISA,IFMA,immunofluoresencestaining assays),are characterized by an excess of antibodies over antigens.

英语翻译Among the nonisotopic methods available today,EIA methods are the most widely applied.In “sandwich”-type assays EIAs have practically the same sensitivity as IRMA and RIA (6); even higher sensitivities have been reported when fluoresc
如今,在众多的非同位素方法之中,环境影响评价法是最为广泛应用的.在“三文治”式化验中,环境影响评价法的灵敏度已经几乎可以与IRMA和RIA媲美；在利用荧光酶检测酶活性结束点时,环境影响评价法的灵敏度有时候甚至比要比IRMA和RIA高.环境影响评价法的缺点主要是实验容量过大,存在不稳定酶,易于被酶抑制、容易变性的特点,以及潜伏的监测酶的活性基质【这里翻译得有点怪】.动态光度测量范围的狭窄性,在最近的三十来也限制了动态的环境影响评价.
流动注射分析实验（又称FIA,IFMA）(基于荧光标记探针免疫反应),正在迅速获得广泛的应用.虽然FIA作为一种定量试验是相当新的一种方法,但是荧光标记探针免疫反应自从1941年以来早已经作为一种定量染色技术.荧光测量的灵敏度和探头的灵敏度在其环境的变化,提供了改善异构试验的可能性.而且最重要的,简单,快速的均匀化验(一种对分析物的浓度的试验) 可以直接监视反应的混合物.与FIA方法的问题是他们的灵敏度较差,在很大程度上,是由于荧光测量时的背景太亮.固相分离系统的开发,新的荧光探针和新的检测仪器可以降低了背景的亮度,使得现在的灵敏度可以媲美RIA/IRMA.
这种免疫荧光和免疫荧光化验回顾(review这个词…还要商榷一下)是以已公布的方法为准.由于我之前的回顾关于FIA应用的进展已经是惊人的,许多商业套件和仪器进已经入市场.关于不同方法的免疫分析评论也已经公布了.【这一段…读上去有点怪】
免疫分析原则
自从胰岛素和甲状腺素的放射免疫性鉴定发展以来,有关含有标记的放射性同位素的抗原的方法就已经广泛应用于半抗原分子(例如激素和毒药)的测量.这种方法是基于的标记抗原和未标记抗原抗体的数量有限的竞争.这些方法也可称为“有限试剂”方法,这是由于在实验过程中抗体数量有限.
虽然自从1941年以来,标记抗体已经应用于免疫方法中,但是在免疫放射分析法里,在含有标记放射性同位素的抗体引入之前,这种方法并并没有在定量方法里面广泛被应用.IMRS,和其他固相为基础的双抗体一样或者“三文治”试验(如ELISA, IFMA, 免疫荧光染色试验)一样,他们的的特点是对抗原抗体过剩.
其中...有一些缩写的全称：
EIA 酶免疫测定
IRMA 标记抗体的免疫放射技术
RIA 放射免疫
FIA 流动注射分析
IFMA 时间分辨免疫荧光分析测定法的简称
ELISA 酶联接免疫吸附剂测定
80%以上人工翻译...加点分吧...